Diabetes · For patients and doctors
Enter the numbers from your routine reports: HbA1c, blood pressure, cholesterol, creatinine and the urine albumin test. You get three risks together, heart attack, stroke and kidney failure, what is pushing each one up, and what would change if you fixed one thing. Doctors get the ESC risk category with the criteria met, the KDIGO grid, the kidney failure risk, and a checklist of what this patient should be on and is not.
A calculator, not a diagnosis. It is for adults with type 2 diabetes. The risks are estimates from population studies; your own risk also depends on things no score captures. If you have chest pain, sudden weakness of the face, arm or leg, or sudden trouble speaking, call 108 now. Nothing you enter leaves this page.
Lab units: if your cholesterol report is in mmol/L, multiply by 38.7 for mg/dL. If creatinine is in µmol/L, divide by 88.4.
Each box changes one number and keeps the rest as you entered them. It shows the 10-year heart attack risk. The stroke risk moves the same way.
Generic names. Rows where the patient is not on something the guideline recommends, or where a caution applies, are highlighted. KDIGO 2022 (diabetes in CKD), ADA 2026 (Sections 10 and 11) and ESC 2023 (diabetes). Check the current label before prescribing.
| Therapy | For this patient | Rule |
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UKPDS Risk Engine. Derived in 4,540 newly diagnosed UK patients recruited 1977 to 1991, before statins, SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists were in use. External validation in contemporary, treated cohorts consistently shows that it overestimates absolute risk, sometimes by a factor of two. It remains useful for ranking patients and for showing how much each factor contributes, and it is the only widely used diabetes engine that includes HbA1c and duration. The ethnicity term is for Afro-Caribbean ancestry only; South Asian patients are scored as the reference group, though their observed risk is higher. For a risk category the ESC 2023 guideline uses SCORE2-Diabetes, which is calibrated to four European risk regions and has no Indian calibration, so this page uses the ESC organ-damage rules for the category and the UKPDS number only for the numeric band.
KFRE. The 4-variable equation is validated across 31 countries. The non-North American calibration is used here, as KDIGO advises for India. It is derived for eGFR below 60 and should not be read for a patient with eGFR 60 or above; the page does not show it then.
In type 2 diabetes the same things damage the heart, the brain's blood vessels and the kidneys: high sugar over years, high blood pressure, cholesterol and smoking. A kidney that is leaking albumin is also a sign that the arteries are under strain, so kidney disease raises heart risk and heart disease raises kidney risk. The medicines that protect one usually protect the other. That is why one set of numbers gives all three risks here, and why the plan at the end is one plan.
A 10-year risk of 20% means that, of 100 people with the same numbers as you, about 20 would have a heart attack in the next 10 years and 80 would not. It is not a prediction about you personally. It is a way of seeing how much your numbers add up to, and how much they would come down if one of them changed.
Albumin is a protein that should stay in the blood. When the kidney filters are damaged, a small amount leaks into the urine years before the creatinine rises. The test is a spot urine sample, reported as the albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR). Below 30 mg/g is normal. 30 to 300 is early damage that can still be reversed. Above 300 is established damage. Every person with type 2 diabetes should have this test once a year.
eGFR is the kidney number, worked out from your blood creatinine, age and sex. It estimates how much blood the kidneys filter each minute. 90 or above is normal. Below 60 for three months is chronic kidney disease. Below 15 is kidney failure. The kidney calculator goes into this in detail.
Four groups of medicines lower the chance of heart attack, stroke, heart failure and kidney failure in type 2 diabetes, over and above their effect on sugar or blood pressure: SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 medicines, ACE inhibitors or ARBs when there is albumin in the urine, and finerenone for diabetic kidney disease. Statins lower heart attack and stroke risk in almost everyone with type 2 diabetes over 40. The doctor's view lists which of these apply to you.
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